The effect of whitening toothpastes on colour change and surface roughness of restorative materials

To examine the colour change and surface roughness of giomer, microhybrid composite and nanohybrid composite after brushing with whitening toothpastes. Disc-shaped samples of giomer, microhybrid composite and nanohybrid composite were divided into three subgroups(n=10), with the initial colour measured with a spectrophotometer and the surface roughness measured with a mechanical profilometer. The samples, which were immersed in coffee solution were brushed once a day with whitening toothpastes (Opalescence Cool Mint (OCM), Colgate Optic White Extra Power (COW) and Signal White Now Gold (SWN)) for 12 days. Colour change and surface roughness were measured again after the colouring-brushing cycle. All of the analyses were performed using appropriate statistical hypothesis tests. The highest increase in surface roughness was seen in the microhybrid composite group applied with SWN (p<0.05). The group with the least increase was the giomer group applied with SWN (p<0.05). While the least colour change was observed in the COW applied nanohybrid composite group (ΔE00=1,814), the most colour change occurred in the COW applied giomer group (ΔE00=5.943). After the use of whitening toothpastes, the roughness of giomer, microhybrid composite and nanohybrid composite surfaces was increased and a colour change above the clinically accepted value was observed.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el cambio de color y la rugosidad de la superficie de giomer, resina compuesta microhíbrida y resina compuesta nanohíbrida posterior al cepillado con dentífricos blanqueadores. Las muestras en forma de disco de cada material se dividieron en tres subgrupos (n=10), con el color inicial medido con un espectrofotómetro y la rugosidad de la superficie medida con un perfilómetro mecánico. Las muestras, que se sumergieron en una solución de café, se cepillaron una vez al día con pastas dentales blanqueadoras (Opalescence Cool Mint (OCM), Colgate Optic White Extra Power (COW) y Signal White Now Gold (SWN)) durante 12 días. El cambio de color y la rugosidad de la superficie se midieron nuevamente después del ciclo de coloración-cepillado. El mayor aumento en la rugosidad de la superficie se observó en el grupo de la resina compuesta microhíbrida al que se le aplicó SWN (p<0,05). El grupo de menor incremento fue el grupo de giomer aplicado con SWN (p<0.05). Mientras que el menor cambio de color se observó en el grupo de resina compuesta nanohíbrida aplicado con COW (ΔE00=1,814), el mayor cambio de color ocurrió en el grupo de giomer con COW (ΔE00=5,943). Posterior al uso de pastas dentales blanqueadoras, la rugosidad del giomer, y de las resinas compuestas microhíbridas y nanohíbridas aumentó, siendo que se observó un cambio de color por encima del valor clínicamente aceptado.

Preoperative vascular evaluation of perforator flap of peroneal artery: A comparative study between CT angiography and colour Doppler ultrasound / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical value of CTA and CDU in perforator flap of peroneal artery.Methods:From February 2013 to October 2016, 47 patients who suffered with soft tissue defects and were hospitalised in the Department of Orthopaedics, the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA were retrospectively reviewed and evaluated. All the defects were reconstructed by the perforator flap of peroneal artery. All patients received preoperative CTA and CDU scans before surgery. Appropriate perforator vessels were selected and the locating points in body surface and external diameters of the perforator vessels were recorded and compared with intraoperative findings. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:The intraoperative coincidence rate of the proposed perforator vessels was 97.87% for CDU and 95.74% for CTA, with no significant difference between the 2 groups( P>0.05). It was found that the preoperative CTA and CDU measurements were consistent with the actual intraoperative measurements, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups( P>0.05). For CTA combined with CDU, an intraoperative coincidence rate was 100% in the location of peroneal perforating vessels. All flaps were followed-up for 1 to 18(mean 13.5) months. All the flaps survived well with good texture and appearance without complication. Conclusion:CDU and CTA are reliable and useful in preoperative vascular evaluation of peroneal perforator flap, and both can be used in a complementary or combined manner.

Effect of Conventional and Rolled Cigarette Smoke on the Colour of Artificial Teeth and Effectiveness of Hygiene Protocols in Removing Pigmentation - An in vitro Study

Context: Artificial teeth are widely used in oral rehabilitation. Despite the benefits, they are more susceptible to colour changes, causing aesthetic problems. Aims: To evaluate the effect of conventional cigarette and straw smoke on the colour of artificial teeth and the effectiveness of hygiene protocols in removing pigmentation. Material and Methods: Acrylic resin incisors were divided into two groups (n = 50): Exposed to conventional cigarette and straw smoke. Regarding the effectiveness of hygiene protocols, the teeth were divided into ten subgroups with predetermined immersion times. The colour was measured with a colorimeter. The CIE values L* a* b* were recorded before and after exposure to smoke and after hygiene protocols. Statistical analysis used T?test of independent samples and two?way ANOVA with Bonferroni post?test (? = 0.05). Results: Conventional (16.16 ± 1.65) and straw (16.29 ± 1.95) cigarettes provided clinically unacceptable ?E values, with no significant difference between them (P = 0.719). Conventional cigarettes promoted less luminosity (?L = –12.68 ± 1.28) (P < 0.001) and straw greater tendency to yellow (?b = 11.00 ± 1.46) (P < 0.001). The hygiene protocols influenced the ?E, ?L, and ?b of the samples, depending on the type of smoke (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The conventional and rolled cigarette smoke promote an unacceptable colour change in artificial teeth. Hygiene protocols with the use of brushing, in isolation or in association with chemical solutions are more effective in removing pigmentation caused by both types of cigarettes compared to only the chemical solution

Effect of Cooking on Physicochemical and Microstructural Properties of Chicken Breast Meat

The effect of cooking on pH, juiciness, instrumental colour and microstructural properties of chicken breast meat was investigated. Industrial skinless chicken breast meat samples were purchased, frozen and sliced into dimensions , thawed and cooked by air frying (AF), baking (BK), deep fat frying (DF) and grilling (GR) at 170, 180 and 1900C for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 min. The pH value of the cooked samples increased from 6.05 to 6.25. Cooking methods, temperatures and times each resulted to increase in pH. The results of objective sensory instrumental analyses showed that cooking decreased significantly (p < 0.05) juiciness of cooked chicken breast meat. Samples cooked by BK had the highest juiciness value of 24.91%, while DF cooked samples had the least value of 13.89%.The instrumental analyses increased L*, a*, b* values and browning index. The temperature and time of cooking showed similar effects on juiciness and instrumental colour. Short cooking time (8 min) and 1700C resulted in higher juiciness and best appetizing appearance to the consumers. The microstructure studies showed that raw chicken breast meat had an intact muscle fibres and bundles, but cooking caused disintegration of muscle fibres, perimysial – collagen shrinkage and it resulted to drier samples with big cracks/ voids and big surface damages, particularly in AF, BK and GR cooked products at 1900C for 8 min.

Knowledge and awareness about biomedical waste segregation and disposal among pre-final year medical students at a tertiary care hospital

Background:Biomedical waste is any waste that is created during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunisationof human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the manufacturing or testing of biologicals. India produces 500 tonnes of biomedical waste every day through numerous activities. It is projected that 10-25% of the total wasteis produced by the health care sector, which leads to severe health problems. If an appropriate measure is not incorporated into the current system, the negative effects of medical waste on the public and the environment will be hilarious. With this backdrop, a research study was carried out among medical students perusing under graduating in medicine, aiming to optimise their level of knowledge of biomedical waste segregation and disposal. Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive design was espoused to study among the 3rd year medical students. A random sampling method was chosen to select 150 students. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from them. Descriptive analysis was employed and the finding was presented intabular and pictorial forms.Results:Half of the students had good knowledge over BMW. Awareness of segregation wastes and colour coding among them was very poor.Conclusions:The study has unearthed the fact that half of the medical students haven’t had adequate knowledge of BMW management. Hands-on training at regular intervals with the updated information would enhance the students' knowledge and skills, and fill the lacuna in this area of research.

Use of microalgal biomass as functional ingredient for preparation of cereal based extrudates: impact of processing on amino acid concentrations and colour degradation kinetics

Abstract Suitability of developing Spirulina incorporated cereal based low cost nutritious extrudates was analysed against extrusion processing parameters. Most significant extrusion processing parameters considered for present study were feed moisture (20-25%), die temperature (100-120 °C) and screw speed (50-100 rpm). Different extrusion conditions were used to obtain most acceptable rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. In present study before extrusion processing different additives (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate) were added in rice: Spirulina blend and checked its effect on colour degradation kinetics at varied packaging and storage conditions. Higher screw speed (100 rpm) indicating less residence time of feed material inside the barrel resulted in higher colour retention of rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates. Kinetics for rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates indicates faster rate of colour degradation in terms of lightness (half-life of 4 days) when packed in metalized polyethylene at 50°C with 65% relative humidity. Increased concentration of Spirulina (1-3%) in raw formulations resulted in increase in concentration of all amino acids. Impact of extrusion processing has shown non-significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on amino acid concentrations of rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. Also, all the spirulina added samples showed good consumer acceptability with the score of 6.7

Comparative study of infrared thermal imaging technology and colour Doppler ultrasound in the detection of perforator vessels before anterolateral femoral perforator flap / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To compare the reliability between infrared thermal imaging technology(IRT) and colour Doppler ultrasound (CDU) in the detection of perforators for anterolateral femoral perforator flap(ALTPF).Methods:From September, 2017 to September, 2019, a total of 25 patients(16 males and 9 females, aged 12-53 years old with an average age of 38.7 years old) underwent ALTPF surgery for the purpose of resurfacing and reconstruction. All patients had pedicled or free ALTPF sized from 5.0 cm×8.0 cm to 7.5 cm×30.0 cm. Among all cases, 21 received free flaps and 4 received pedicled flaps. All patients underwent routine IRT and CDU examinations to locate the perforators preoperatively.Results:Of the 25 patients, CDU detected 53 perforators and IRT detected 51 "hot spots". There were 50 "hot spots" that corresponded to the findings of CDU with a κ index at 0.712( P<0.05), representing a high degree of consistency. The sensitivity and specificity were 94.3% and 85.7%, respectively. Conclusion:IRT has a high consistency in detecting perforators for ALTPF in comparison with CDU. IRT features portable, low cost, non-invasive, and easy to operate. At the same time, IRT has advantages in the patients who have thin subcutaneous tissue. With higher accuracy, IRT is expected to become an important part of preoperative perforator navigation.

Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenolic Content and Colour Parameters in the Aqueous Extracts of Avocado, Banana and Papaya Leaves (Aktiviti Antioksida, Jumlah Kandungan Fenolik dan Parameter Warna dalam Ekstrak Akueus Daun Avokado, Pisang dan Betik) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Literature has consistently reported that horticultural wastes including leaves, skin, stones and seeds contain substantial amounts of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate antioxidant activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and colour parameters in avocado, banana, and papaya leaves. Antioxidant activity of the leaves was determined using Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays, TPC was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu assay whereas the colour parameters were analysed with a colour picker software. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25.0 of triplicate determinations. Mean differences among the fruit leaves extracts were determined using One-way ANOVA, while the correlations between the studied components were by the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient test. The TEAC values were in the range of 332.30 ± 18.04 µg Trolox/g D.W. (avocado leaves) to 12217.71 ± 18.04 µg Trolox/g D.W. (banana leaves) while the DPPH radical scavenging activity was from 10.07 ± 3.89% (banana leaves) to 86.70 ± 0.26 % (avocado leaves). Besides, TPC was from 871.33 ± 38.35 µg GAE/g D.W. (papaya leaves) to 1199.08 ± 6.00 µg GAE/g D.W. (avocado leaves). The hue values were from 19º in avocado leaves extract to 37º in banana leaves extract. Results from Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient test revealed that there were no significant correlations between the studied assays. Avocado leaves had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and TPC among the three extracts. Findings derived from the present study could be exploited in nutraceuticals formulation.

Doppler Evaluation of Vertebral Artery in Cervical Spondylosis - A Prospective Study in Rural Indian Set Up.

So far, evaluation of vertebral arteries has been done by angiography with a limited data on evaluation with duplex scanning of the vertebral arteries. We wanted to study the radiological features and vertebral artery Doppler characteristics, in patients aged above 35 years with a clinical diagnosis of cervical spondylosis. METHODSThis is a case control study with a total of 120 subjects aged over 35 years (60 subjects were cases with the clinical diagnosis of cervical spondylosis and the remaining 60 subjects were age matched controls). Vertebral artery colour Doppler was performed to record peak systolic velocity, time averaged maximum velocity, diameter of the segment in grey scale in millimetres and flow volume of the vertebral artery. Statistical analysis was done using chi square test, student t test and z test with p values < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. RESULTSMajority of patients in both groups were in the age group 41 - 50 years. Among cases 39 (65%) were males and 21 (35%) were females. Most of cases had vertebral artery diameters in the range of 3.0 - 3.5 mm seen both on right [21{35%}] as well as on left side [17 {28.3%}], and a similar finding was observed in controls as well. No statistical significance was observed amongst cases and control on either right or left side. Most of the cases had vertebral artery blood flow in the range of 51-100 mL/min both on right side [26 (43.3%)] and left side [22 (36.7%). On comparing vertebral artery blood flow in the range of ≤100 mL/min and >100 mL/min, the difference was statistically significant on the left side. On comparing the number of cases and controls according to the vertebral artery blood flow velocity ≤30 cm/s and >30 cm/sec on right side, p value was 0.009 and that on the left was 0.001, both of which are statistically significant. CONCLUSIONSVertebral artery diameter is not a very reliable sign in this degenerative condition. Vertebral artery flow volume is decreased at least in one vertebral artery. Vertebral artery blood flow velocity was significantly reduced in cervical spondylosis cases compared to controls both on right side (p=0.009) and left side (p= 0.001). This makes reduced vertebral artery blood flow velocity as a very strong sign in this condition. To conclude vertebral artery ultrasound is a very useful and reliable tool in evaluation of vertebrobasilar insufficiency cases.

Colour Stability of Composite- A Review.

Current innovations in restorative dentistry include nanofilled composite resinmaterials for direct and indirect restorations. Moreover, the advances in adhesivedentistry have provided autopolymerising, dual-polymerizing and lightpolymerizing resin-based adhesives for ceramic restoration bonding. In addition,resin cements have been combined with self-adhesive components for adhesiveprocedures. Composite failure has been a great challenge for dental clinician all overthe world , making it difficult for the dentist to satisfy patients. Major problems seeninclude polymerization, shrinkage and colour instability. There being no perfectmethod for this restorative material to overcome the problems, clinicians must keepin mind as to what material and technique should be used in a patient dependingupon the case. The success of composite restorations is due to their colour stabilityover time. Accurate shade matching of tooth coloured restoration with the adjacentdentition is essential not only at the time of fabrication but also for the lifetimedurability. Discolouration of composite resins can be caused by internal or externalfactors. Internally induced discolouration is permanent and is related to polymerquality, filler type, and amount, as well as the synergist added to the photo initiatorsystem. Alterationof matrix or filler components of resin composites andincomplete polymerization constitute intrinsic factors leading to discolouration. It isreported that saliva, food components, and beverages may affect the aesthetics andintegrity of dental composites. This is a factual truth for dental porcelain but incontradiction, colour instability in porcelain restoration is a common dilemmanowadays, especially when they are exposed to routinely consumable beverages.We have reviewed different factors responsible for colour stability of compositerestoration, and different s

A clinical study on varicose veins of lower limb, surgical management and functional outcome at a tertiary care hospital of South India

Background: Varicose veins defined as dilated, tortuous, subcutaneous veins ≥3 mm in diameter, measured in the upright position with demonstrable reflux. Though the history of varicose veins dates prehistorically, the advances in diagnosis and new management modalities gained attention recently. The aim of the present study was to study the clinical profile, risk factors and their association, different types of surgical procedures employed and complications associated with varicose veins.Methods: A one year observational after ethical committee approval was conducted by department of general surgery at ACSR Medical College. Cases fulfilling the inclusion criteria were clinically examined and duplex ultrasound colour Doppler was performed for diagnosing the varicose veins and findings of site of incompetence was noted. All the cases were operated and followed up for six months period. The results were tabulated and analyzed in Microsoft Excel for any corrections.Results: Eighty cases with 66.25% males and 33.75% females with mean age of 40.24 years and majority (40%) were in 41 to 50 years group. 60% of cases had varices in right limb and long saphenous vein was involved in 52.5% of cases.85% had dilated veins, perforator incompetence was noted below the knee in 30% of cases. 41.25% of cases saphenofemoral flush ligation with stripping of long saphenous vein. Wound infection was the common postoperative complication.Conclusions: Operative line of management should be the first line of treatment even though conservative management relieves the symptoms but always requires a definitive management.

Role of obstetric colour doppler studies in predicting perinatal outcome in pregnancy induced hypertension

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Multi vessel colour Doppler studies are useful in these cases for timely intervention. The aim of present study was to know the significance of umbilical, middle cerebral and uterine artery Doppler in PIH and to analyse their role in predicting perinatal outcome.Methods: This is a study of 150 pregnant women with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). These patients were evaluated with colour Doppler and were followed subsequently for any adverse perinatal outcome.Results: Out of 150 cases 70% of cases were found in 20-30 years age group. 98 cases had abnormal uterine artery Doppler indices accounting for 65.3%, while 52 cases had a normal Doppler index accounting for 34.3%. Out of 150 cases, 94 (64.6%) cases had abnormal middle cerebral artery. In our study 53 cases had abnormal umbilical artery Doppler indices accounting for 35.4%, while 97 cases had a normal Doppler index accounting for 64.6%. Out of 150 cases in our study 27 cases had Reversal of a wave in ductus venosus waveform that is in 18%. In this study total 5 cases (35.7%) of perinatal mortality were seen.Conclusions: The knowledge of various doppler parameters may help to improve pregnancy outcome and identification of PIH at earliest gestation age as compared to other antepartum test modalities.

Ultrasound evaluation of biopsy proven malignant breast mass

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in female worldwide. Ultrasound (US) is a safe and easily available modality for evaluation of breasts in females of all age groups. It can detect characteristic features of breast malignancy with high degree of accuracy. This study was undertaken with the aims to evaluate the ultrasonographic features of malignant breast mass, to identify the most commonly encountered gray scale ultrasound findings and to study the role of Doppler ultrasound in those cases.Methods: The study was conducted in Dr B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati from January 2018 to January 2019. Gray scale ultrasound including Doppler study was done in all the female patients coming with palpable breast lump or with nipple discharge and images were archived. The archived images of a total number of 108 patients with biopsy report positive for malignancy were retrospectively studied and the ultrasound findings were evaluated.Results: Most common gray scale ultrasound features for malignant breast masses were hypoechoic mass, taller than wide, irregular shape, having spiculated margins, neither posterior acoustic enhancement nor shadowing, presence of intralesional microcalcifications and surrounding echogenic halo. Hypervascularity, noticeable difference in waveform pattern between central and peripheral vessels, high resistance flow pattern with absent or reversal of diastolic flow were the common Doppler findings.Conclusions: Combination of Doppler with gray scale ultrasound has emerged as a very important technique in diagnosing malignant breast mass with high accuracy.

Role of colour Doppler in evaluation of venous abnormalities of lower limb

Background: Venous abnormalities of lower limb are a fairly common cause of morbidity. Although clinical diagnosis is the cornerstone of the diagnosis of lower limb venous disease, Colour Doppler ultrasound has become the investigation of choice to confirm the diagnosis. This study evaluated the role of Colour Doppler ultrasound in various venous pathologies of the lower limb and the sonographic findings were correlated with surgical and clinical findings.Methods: 100 patients of all age groups of either sex presenting with clinically suspected entities affecting venous system of the lower limb were selected for this study.Results: Our study showed a definite male preponderance (65%) with an incidence of 41% in the age group of 21-40 years. Isolated varicose veins had an incidence of 58% followed by isolated deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (29%), varicose veins with thrombophlebitis (5%), DVT with thrombophlebitis (5%), DVT with varicose veins (2%) and hematoma (1%). The findings correlated with surgery and gave a sensitivity of 100%.Conclusions: Colour Doppler ultrasound is unique due to its feasibility, accessibility and cost effectiveness. Its dynamism is also exploited by various maneuvers done by the patients, radiologist and the machine parameters to bring about changes in blood flow to reach the exact diagnosis.

The impact on patients’ time-to-theatre following colour coding classification in emergency operation theatre, Sarawak General Hospital

@#Introduction: A proper prioritisation system of emergency cases allows appropriate timing of surgery and efficient allocation of resources and staff expertise. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of colour coding classification on Time-to- theatre (TTT) of patients in comparison with the normal practice. Method: Categorisation was a surgical judgment call after thorough clinical assessment. There were 4 levels of urgency with their respective TTT; Red (2 hours), Yellow (8 hours), Green (24 hours), Blue (72 hours). Caesarean cases were excluded in colour coding due to pre - existing classification. The data for mean TTT was collected 4 weeks before the implementation (Stage 1), and another 4 weeks after implementation (Stage II). As there was a violation in the assumption for parametric test, Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the means between these two groups. Using logarithmic (Ln) transformation for TTT, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted for multivariate analysis to adjust the effect of various departments. The mean TTT for each colour coding classification was also calculated. Results: The mean TTT was reduced from 13 hours 48 min to 10 hours, although more cases were completed in Stage II (428 vs 481 cases). Based on Mann-Whitney U test, the difference in TTT for Stage I (Median=6.0, /IQR=18.9) and Stage II (Median=4.2, IQR=11.5) was significantly different (p=0.023). The result remained significant (p=0.039) even after controlled for various department in the analysis. The mean/median TTT after colour coding was Red- 2h 24min/1h, Yellow- 8h 26min/3h 45 min, Green- 15h 8min/8h 15min, and Blue- 13h 46min/13h 5min. Conclusion: Colour coding classification in emergency Operation (OT) was effective in reducing TTT of patients for non-caesarean section cases.

Retinal cafe-au-lait macules: A rare retinal finding in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1

We report the retinal and choroidal manifestations using multimodal imaging in a patient with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). In this report, we describe the occurrence of a new retinal finding which we label as retinal caf�-au-lait macules. Also, we describe the superiority of multicolour imaging in comparison to colour fundus photography for identifying the retinal manifestations in NF-1.

Study of changes in colour and morphological parameters in human cataractous lens nuclei

Introduction: Opacification of the lens of the eye which makes it blind is called cataract. This study deals withthe cataractous lenses removed from the patients residing in a rural area like marathwada region and was doneat S.R.T.R. Medical College Ambajogai. This topic was chosen as this type of study has never been done before inthis region. From anatomical point of view the morphologic features of the lens nuclei removed by extracapsularcataract extraction method are studied and compared with age and sex of patient.Materials and methods: The lens nuclei removed by extracapsular extraction method were collected in plainbulbs and preserved in 10% formalin for morphological observations. Detailed case history of the patient isrecorded. Colour of lens nuclei was recorded and changes in diameter, thickness and wet weight of lens nucleiaccording to colour were studied. Diameter and thickness was measured with vernier caliper while weight ismeasured with two pan scientific balance. Pirie’s classification was used to divide the lens in four groups.Results: According to our study mean diameter of lens nuclei goes on increasing from Group I to Group IV in bothmen and women and similar findings are observed for mean thickness and weight of lens nuclei in both male andfemale.Discussion: Our study found statistically significant increase in thickness, diameter and weight of lens as thecolour of lens nuclei deepens. Our findings are compared with other workers. These morphological findings maybe useful for the ophthalmologists to correlate with their clinical observations.Conclusion: Our study found that morphological parameters of lens change as its colour deepens.

Ocular doppler imaging: opening a new window in decoding glaucoma

Background: In the aetiopathogenesis of multifactorial glaucoma autoregulation of ocular blood flow plays an important role as failure of autoregulation may lead to progression of disease. Aim of this study to understand this better this study was designed to investigate the quantum of these abnormalities and their likely role in pathogenesis and prognosis of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).Methods: This is a case control study design which involved 67 POAG patients and 67 matched controls. The parameters assessed includes peak systolic velocity(PSV), end diastolic velocity(EDV) and resistive index(RI) of ophthalmic artery(OA) and central retinal artery(CRA) of patients having POAG with age and sex matched healthy subjects. The data obtained was statistically analysed using IBM SPSS 21.Results: The study showed decreased PSV of 31.7 cm/s vs 42.7 cm/s(p=0.0001) and EDV11.7 cm/s vs 19.8 cm/s(p=0.002) with increased RI 0.63 vs 0.53(p=0.000) in  OA and PSV of 15.2 cm/s vs 21.4 cm/s(p=0.001) and EDV4.7 cm/s vs 11.7 cm/s(p=0.003) with increased RI 0.69 vs 0.45(p=0.000) in CRA in both eyes in POAG patients as compared to healthy controls.Conclusion: The study has shown the promising application of ocular Doppler in evaluating POAG patients. However, more such studies are needed with larger study sample and on follow up basis for better understanding glaucoma hemodynamics and applicability of ocular Doppler in management of glaucoma.

Role Of B–Mode Ultrasound In The Evaluation Of Orbital Masses.

Introduction: Blindness and Vision impairment cause significant morbidity amongst Indian population. According to WHO estimates, about 20.5 % people in India are categorized as blind while 22.2 % people have low vision. The orbital masses owing to the small anatomical volume of orbit can cause devastating consequences. Ultrasound and colour doppler are useful in analysis of orbital masses with real time evaluation, excellent soft tissue resolution, localisation, and benign or malignant nature of masses. This study evaluates the role of ultrasound in orbital masses.Aim: To study the role of ultrasound in evaluation and identification of orbital masses.Study design & settings: Prospective observational study in ultrasound unit of a rural hospital in central India.Materials and methods: Atotal of 316 consenting patients were studied for 1 year using high frequency linear and curved probes. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (IBM Inc.)Results:Out of the 316 patients, total 15 cases were identified to have orbital masses. Most common orbital mass lesions observed were lacrimal gland tumours. Most of the masses were extraconal in location and most common ultrasound appearance of the lesions was solid with most of the malignant masses showing vascularity on colour doppler imaging.Conclusion:Ultrasound can identify and characterize orbital masses based on appearance and echotexture with accurate localisation. It is cheap and easily available with no radiation hazards Pre-operative ultrasound and Colour Doppler evaluation of orbit can help in predicting prognosis of the disease.

Knowledge, attitude and practice study on bio-medical waste management among interns in a tertiary care hospital in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu

Background: All the wastes which are generated by the hospital are collectively called as health care waste. The medical interns exposed to various health hazards while working in the hospital during their training period. The study was done with the aim to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding various aspects of biomedical waste management amongst interns in a tertiary care hospital, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu.Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study carried out among 94 interns who had cleared the final MBBS exams and 81 interns who participated in the study after giving informed consent. A pretested, self-administered questionnaire on knowledge and awareness of bio-medical waste management policy and practice were given to the interns. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel.Results: Around 63% interns knew the correct definition of biomedical waste. 24.6% interns were aware that authorization is required for biomedical waste management by Central Pollution Control board. Only 22.2% of the interns had undergone the training programme and 64.1% were keen to attend training program for biomedical waste management. 88.8% knew about sources of generation of BMW and 96% had knowledge of bio-hazard symbol. 72.5% had knowledge of segregation of waste but none had knowledge of correct colour coding. 91.3% said that record maintenance was essential for biomedical waste management. 96.2% agreed that BMW is teamwork.Conclusions: It is hour of need for rigorous training, IEC program for all the medical interns to make them aware of the various health hazards associated with biomedical waste products.